11 great things think about before you complain .. Share

1. A. Today before you say the words that are not good, think about someone who does not
can speak at all.

2. Before you complain about the taste of your food, think about someone who does not
have anything to eat.

3. Before you complain about not having anything, think about someone begging in
street.

4. Before you complain that you are bad, think about someone who is at
the level of the worst in his life.

5. Before you complain about your husband or wife, think about someone who begged
to God to give me a life.

6. Today before you complain about your life, think about someone who died too
fast.

7. Before you complain about your children, think about someone who really wants
have children but she was barren.

8. Before you complain about a dirty house because the maid did not do
job, think about the people who live on the streets.

9. Before you complain about you have to drive away, think about someone who
the same distance by walking.

10. And when you are tired and complain about your job, think about unemployment,
disabled people who wish they had a job like you.

11. Before you show the finger and blame someone else, remember that no one is innocent.

(source: www.kaskus.us)

In essence, give thanks to all that we have right now .. : DD
there is no life is perfect, but perfection will feel when we are always grateful to God and trying to live life as possible .. : D

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Computer History And Progress Of Generation to Generation.

Currently the computer and its supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them are computer systems capable of gauze code reading supermarket shopping goods, which handles millions of telephone calls and communications, computer and internet networks that connect different parts of the world.

History of Computers in the period is:
- Tools and Calculators Calculate Traditional Mechanical
- First Generation Computers
- Second Generation Computers
- Third Generation Computers
- Fourth Generation Computers
- Fifth Generation Computer

Traditional tools and Calculators Calculate Mechanical Abacus
Which appeared about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places up to now can be considered as the beginning of this komputasi.Alat engine allows users to perform calculations using sliding beads arranged on a merchant in those days rak.Para use the abacus to calculate perdagangan.Seiring transactions with the advent of pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost its popularity
After nearly 12 centuries, came another discovery in the case of machine komputasi.Pada 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father tax calculation.
This brass rectangular box, called the Pascaline, used eight toothed wheel to add up the number to eight digit.Alat this is counter-based sepuluh.Kelemahan number of these tools is limited only to do the sums.

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) fix the Pascaline by creating a machine that can mengalikan.Sama like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels gerigi.Dengan study the notes and drawings created by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

It was only in 1820, mechanical calculators became popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that can perform four functions of arithmetic dasar.Kalkulator mechanical Colmar, arithometer, presented a more practical approach in the calculation because the device can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, Arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a professor of English mathematician, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed the natural compatibility between machines and mathematics mechanical mechanical machine that is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake, being a simple repetition of mathematics requires a tertentu.Masalah measures are developed to put the machine kemudain mechanics as a tool to answer Babbage's first mekanik.Usaha needs to address this issue appeared in 1822 when he proposed a machine to melakukanperhitungan differensial.Mesin equation is called Differensial.Dengan machine using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically .

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start creating a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine.Asisten Babbage, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of machinery ini.Ia help revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicating the specifications to publik.Selain's Analytical Engine, a good understanding of Augusta on this machine makes it possible to put the instructions into the machine and also make it a female programmer who pertama.Pada 1980, the Department of Defense the United States named a programming language with the name of the ADA as a tribute to him.

Babbage's steam engine, although it is never finished, looking very primitive when compared with the standard kini.Bagaimanapun also, the tool describes the basic elements of a modern computer, and also revealed a concept penting.Terdiri of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine using perforated cards (with holes) that contains the operating instructions for the machine.

In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also applied the perforations to make penghitungan.Tugas first is to find a faster way to do the calculations for the U.S. Census Bureau Serikat.Sensus previously conducted in 1880, took seven years to complete the calculation . With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the census count.
Hollerith uses perforated cards to enter census data are then processed by the tool is mekanik.Sebuah card can store up to 80 variabel.Dengan using the tools, the census can be completed within six minggu.Selain have an advantage in speed, the card serves as a data.Tingkat storage media miscalculations can also suppressed drastis.Hollerith then develop the tools and sell them to people luas.Ia founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after experiencing several other such merger.Perusahaan Remington Rand and Burroghs also produces a card reader for businesses bisnis.Kartu perforation perforations used by businesses and governments to permrosesan the data until 1960.
In the next period, a few engineers to make new discoveries lainnya.Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931.Mesin can solve complex differential equations that is considered among akademisi.Mesin complicated by the very large and weight because of hundreds of teeth and shaft are required to perform perhitungan.Pada 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to create computer that applies electrical circuits elektrik.Pendekatan Boolean algebra is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or salah.Dengan conditions apply right and wrong into the electrical circuit in the form of connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electric computer 1940.Namun in their projects stalled due to loss of funding sources.

I. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER
With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance of this komputer.Hal increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress komputer.Pada 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Allies also made other progress in the development of strength komputer.Tahun 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode the secrets used Jerman.Dampak The Colossus did not significantly affect the development of computer industry because of two reasons, Colossus was not is a versatile computer general-purpose computer), it is only designed to decode rahasia.Kedua, where the machine was kept secret until decades after the war ended.
The work done by the Americans at that time produced a broader achievement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing an electronic calculator for U.S. Navy.Kalkulator the length of half a football field and has a range of 500 mil.The Harvd cable-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, the computer relays elektronik.Ia uses electromagnetic signals to move the component mekanik.Mesin Beropreasi with slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (in order of calculations can not be changed). calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.

Another computer development during this period is the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), which is made by the cooperation between the governments of the United States and the University of Pennsylvania.Terdiri of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that is large power consumption of 160kW.Komputer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.Pada the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of University of Pennsylvania to build the concept computer design is up to 40 years is still used in computer engineering.



Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a good memory to accommodate or data.Teknik program allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume work major kembali.Kunci von Neumann architecture is a central processing unit (CPU ), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through one source tunggal.Tahun 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer to use the von Neumann architecture model tersebut.Baik United States Census Bureau and the General UNIVAC.Salah Electric has achieved an impressive result by UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.

First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were created specifically for a task tertentu.Setiap computer program code has a different binary-called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and restrict other kecepatannya.Ciri The first generation of computers is the use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.

II. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. Transistor replaced the vacuum tube in television, radio, and komputer.Akibatnya, the size of the reduced electric machines drastis.Transistor into use in computers began in 1956.Penemuan other form of magnetic core memory, a second generation computers smaller , faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than the first pendahulunya.Mesin utilize this new technology is superkomputer.IBM made supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand named LARC.Komputer-computer, which was developed for laboratory atomic energy, it can handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atom.Mesin is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting kepopulerannya.Hanya two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DCKomputer second generation replaced machine language with assembly language is a language assembly.Bahasa use abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960's, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, at the University, and in pemerintahan.Komputer second-generation computer is the computer which used transistor.Mereka also have components that can be associated with the Computer this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and program.Salah An important example is the computer on the IBM 1401 that is widely accepted among industri.Pada 1965, almost all large businesses using second generation computers to process financial information.

Program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to this komputer.Fleksibilitas improve performance at a reasonable price for bisnis.Dengan use of this concept, the computer can print invoices and then run the consumer purchases the product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common programming digunakan.Bahasa It replaces a complex machine code with words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by manusia.Hal makes it easy for someone to program and set komputer.Berbagai New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). software industry also began to appear and grow during this second-generation computers.

III. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
Although the transistor is in many ways the vacuum tube, but the transistor generates substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts komputer.Batu quartz (quartz rock) eliminates the problem ini.Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit ( IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of sand kuarsa.Para Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip, called semikonduktor.Hasilnya, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that enables the machine to run many different programs at once with a major program that serves to monitor and coordinate the computer's memory.

IV. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
After IC, the only place to clear the circuit and decrease the size of the components elektrik.Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components in a chip.Pada 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a tunggal.Ultra-chip Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into jutaan.Kemampuan to put so many components in a half-sized pieces of coins and falling prices encourage komputer.Hal size also increased power, efficiency and reliability komputer.Chip Intel 4004 made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a boiling chip kecil.Sebelumnya, IC made to do a certain task spesifik.Sekarang, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the needs that diinginkan.Tidak Soon everyday household devices such as microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection incorporated microprocessors.


Such developments allow ordinary people to use computers biasa.Komputer no longer be a dominant big companies or institutions pemerintah.Pada mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their products to the public umum.Komputer computer-computer, called minicomputers, sold with the software package used by the awam.Piranti easily the most popular software at the time was word processing program and spreadsheet.Pada the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can diprogram.Pada 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and used PC sekolah.Jumlah jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982.Sepuluh years later , 65 million PCs digunakan.Komputer continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be put into bags (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).

IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the Macintosh for market komputer.Apple became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using a computer-based teks.Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPU made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, dsb.Ini all entered in a computer class keempat.Seiring generation with proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential of continued dikembangkan.Seiring with increased strength of a small computer, the computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each lainnya.Komputer network allows a single computer to form electronic co-operation to solve a tugas.Dengan using direct cabling process, also called Local Area Network (LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.

V. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
Defining the fifth generation computer becomes quite difficult because the stage is still very imaginative muda.Contoh fifth generation computer is the fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke entitled 2001: Space Odyssey.HAL displays all the desired functions of a computer kelima.Dengan generation artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), HAL may have enough reason to do percapakan with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experience.
Although it may be the realization of the HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the functions that had been terwujud.Beberapa computer can receive verbal instructions and are able to mimic the reasoning manusia.Kemampuan to translate foreign languages ​​are also becoming visible sederhana.Namun mungkin.Fasilitas such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding relies heavily on context and meaning rather than just translate the words directly.

Many advances in the field of computer design and manufacturing of computer technology increasingly allows kelima.Dua generation of engineering advances that are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the von Neumann model of von Neumann.Model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate a lot of CPU to work serempak.Kemajuan Another is the superconducting technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country known in the jargon and socialization generation computer project kelima.Lembaga ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) is also formed to merealisasikannya.Banyak news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will computing paradigm brings new changes in dunia.Kita wait for information which is more valid and fruitful.

VI. COMPUTER GENERATION TO SIX (Future)



With the computer technology available today, it is rather difficult to imagine how the depan.Dengan computer technology available today we seemed to have to "hold the world". In terms of computer technology, some scientists believe created the current so-called biochip that made of protein sitetis.Robot made with this material will become a human being tiruan.Sedangkan technology in the research stage right now is mikrooptik and input-output audio that may be used by a computer that will datang.Ahli computer-science experts are now also is trying to design computers that do not require the writing and programming by pengguna.Komputer without the program (programless computer) may form the main feature of the computer generation to come.



Possible Future Computers
In principle, the characteristics of future computers are more sophisticated and less expensive and has the ability of them to see, hear, speak and think and be able to make meaningful conclusions as manusia.Ini computers have approached the capabilities of artificial intelligence and other manusia.Kelebihan behavior again, intelligence to predict an event that will happen, can communicate directly with humans, and shape the future of computers kecil.Yang obviously it would be amazing.

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Computer supported cooperative work

Is Computer Supported Coorperative Work?
Computer Supported Cooperative Work term first used by Irene Greif and Paul M. Cashman in 1984, CSCW raised issues around how collaborative activities and coordination can be supported therein computer technology CSCW Some people equate with groupware, but others say that groupware refers to a concrete manifestation of a computer-based system, whereas CSCW focuses on the study of the Kakas and techniques of groupware itself, including the effects that arise both psychologically and socially.

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USER INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

A UIMS (User Interface Management System) should not be considered as a system, but rather a software architecture (which is also called the UIMS User Interface Architecture). A large number of software architecture based on the assumption that the functionality and user interface of software applications are two concerns that can be handled separately. The purpose is to enhance the separation adabtability ease of maintainability and software. In addition, the abstract user interface generates code from the rest of the application logic or semantics, interface customization is better supported. Some examples of architectures such as the Model-View-Controller, Higgins UIMS, and a model Arch.

Architectures such as the user interface has proven to be beneficial, but also introduces a problem. In a system with a high degree of interaction and feedback semantics (eg the direct manipulation interface) boundary between the application and user interfaces that are difficult or impossible to maintain. In a direct manipulation interface, user interface diplays 'gut' or the very semantics of the application, with which users interact directly and direct way. Thus becomes very problematic to decide whether it should be handled by the intestine User Interface or the application itself.

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Evaluation techniques

The technique is a behavior that can result in something like, among which are:

• Evaluation of Usability testing (usability) and function (functionality) of Interactive Systems • Evaluation can be done at:
o Laboratory
o Employment
o Cooperation with User

• Several approaches to evaluate the design / design:
o Analytical Methods
o Method Review
o Model-Based Methods

• Several approaches to evaluate the implementation of:
o Experimental Methods
o Method of Observation
o Query Method

• The evaluation method must be carefully selected and must match the job

evaluation
• Evaluation is used to see whether the design of the test process
try system that has been made ​​in accordance with user demand (user)

• The process is not done in one phase of the design process but through
design with the principles of life cycle, with the results of the evaluation
returned to modify the design.

The purpose of Evaluation There are three main objectives of the evaluation: • See how far the system works.

System design allows the user perform the tasks required by
more easily. This not only makes the appropriate functionality in the system,
but made ​​easily accessible by the user, the user can take action to
carry out the task. Also include the use of the system to
user expectations of the task. Evaluation at this stage include pengukuranTebal
performance of the user on t

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HUMAN INTERACTION MODEL AND COMPUTER

If the analogy in real life, people now want to be treated like a boutique in the visitor gets what she wants. Not like a supermarket that allowed visitors to find and get your own items that cool them. Web visitors a willingness to understand the 'store' information provider (in this website). This is the challenge of how the web can help visitors understand and interact with all available information. So no wonder then that characteristic of the third generation of web development is the web that are 'real', is really no interaction occurs, and can provide direction or 'suggestion' to the visitor the information he had hoped, and of course also continue to be 'Provider' or able to provide the required information.
Web 3.0 itself is a semantic web development project, which is a web system that can track every link of the words are strung, in association with the meaning of every word used. The goal of course that the web can be a common medium for exchanging information through the documents that the language can be understood by the system, so that web visitors can easily find the right data or at least related closely to what we mean. Web 3.0 itself is a realization of the development of artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence) to create a global meta data that can be understood by the system, so the system can interpret the data back to the visitor as well.

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Human and Computer Interaction

Field of human interaction and computer science is the study of how to design, evaluate, and implement an interactive computer system that can be used by humans easily. 2-way interaction is communication between people (users) and computer systems. Interaction is maximized when both parties are able to give stimulus and response (action and reaction) are mutually supportive. If one can not, then the interaction will have problems or even toward the goal refraction.
Computer always develop from time to time, the operating system continues to grow until now. There are many programming languages ​​in computer pengoprasian eg QBasic, Visual Basic, Java and others.

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Efficient interactive system that BIG

Why is interaction design produces a bad interface?
- The designer paid much attention to function than the use of
- The designer did not have enough understanding in interface design
- A good design is not easy - not just a matter of color, layout and use of icons
- The designer designing for himself and others menggenalisir
- The designer plans to "add a good interface" at the end of the design process, but then ran out of time
- User has been "tolerant" to the poor interface.

• user-centered design requires:
A. Focusing on user skills
Support the achievement of desired goals and objectives
2. Develop specific criteria for use
Identification documents and their use in particular and hope experienced users, and do "the use of regression testing"
3. Use the rules of the measured
User reactions and scenarios of use instruction, simulation, and prototyping monitored, recorded and analyzed against other users
4. Recurring
Nothing is perfect first time. Design, build, evaluate and then redesign, rebuild, re-evaluation.
• Why concerned user?
- Does the system help achieve the goal?
- Is it easy to interact with the system?
• Manage expectations / desires
- What is a realistic desire than ability
- There are no surprises, no disappointment
- Training is enough time
- Communication of intense
• Develop "ownership"
- Think of the user as the owner
- Over accept and understand all the issues
- Can give a considerable difference for the new product
• Who are the users (user)?
They are:
- Working with the system to achieve the objectives:
Continuously and skilled
Not routine and unskilled
- Managing user directly
- Requires the development of self-recurrent

I think a useful Interactive Systems major is a system that can positively impact the wearer and is useful for the interactive memakainya.Sistem be used as an application can be utilized to enhance the success of a system aplikasi.Maka of the question this time is how a interactive systems can be made or constructed that have a high dayaguna, and indeed in general a successful interactive system or thought to increase dayaguna success of the system.

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( tugas 3 dan 4 ) bahasa inggris bisnis 2

TUGAS 3

1. Theory of Active Voice and Passive Voice

Active voice is the sentence that accompanied the transitive verb with the subject in front of verbs such as actors who perform an act.

Passive voice is a form of the verb phrase that accompanied the three (Past Participle) describe the thing done (by the perpetrator)

B. Example : Active voice sentences are as follows :

1. We eat rice every day

2. You drink milk every day

3. They lock the gatte every night

4. The Teacher is exkplaining the lesson

5. The Students are writing a story

6. He bought the house last year

7. I took the hammer yesterday

8. We have finished the work

9. John has sent the letter

10. We shall invite simon

11. Albert will arrange the books

12. Liza is going to contact Mr.Hudson

Example Passive voice sentences are as follows:

1. Rice is eatten every day

2. Milk is drunk every day

3. The gate is locked every night by them

4. The lesson is being explained by the teacher

5. A story is being written by the students

6. The house was bought last year

7. The hammer was taken by me yesterday

8. The work has been finished by us

9. The letter has been sent by John

10. Simon will be invited

11. The books will be arranged by albert

12. Mr. Hudson is going to be contacted by Liza

Active sentences into passive sentences :

Subjects in active sentence has been at the front of the verb, and object there behind the verb. Note the changes in passive sentences below. Objects can be located in front of the verb. Past Participle (Verb to 3) is always used in active sentences.

Example :

1.(Active) : We need water

(Passive) : Water is needed

2.(Active) : They admire Madona

(Passive) : Madona is admired

3.(Active) : We educate our children

(Passive) : Our children are educated

4.(Active) : They built this house last year

(Passive) : This house was built last year

5.(Active) : They will forget this case

(Passive) : This case will be forgotten

6.(Active) : Someone has split the oil

(Passive) : The oil has been split

7.(Active) : I have pushed the cupboard into the corner

(Passive) : The cupboard has been pushed into the corner

8.(Active) : We requested the police to find the girl

(Passive) : The police were requested to find the girl

9.(Active) : He wants you to give up

(Passive) : You are wanted to give up

A. Active and Passive sentences in Simple Present

- Active sentences in Present tense menggunakan Kata kerja 1

- Passive sentences in present tense menggunakan am/is/are + kata kerja 3

Example :

a.(Active) : I turn the light off at bed time

(Passive) : The light is turned off at bed time

b.(Active) : We import a lot of cars from japan

(Passive) : A lot of cars are imported from japan

c.(Active) : Recless drivers cause many accidents

(Passive) : Many accidents are caused by recless drivers

d. (Active) : Road accidents injure many people every day

(Passive) : Many people are injured in road accidents every day

e.(Active) : We export oil to other countries

(Passive) : Oil is exported to other countries

2. Active and Passive sentences Past Tense

- Kalimat aktif dalam Past tense menggunakan Kata kerja ke-2

- Kalimat pasif dalam Past tense menggunakan was/ware + kata kerja ke-3

Example :

a.(Active) : They signed the agreement

(Passive) : The agreement was signed by them

b.(Active) : Lightning struck the tree last week

(Passive) : The tree was struck by lightning last week

c.(Active) : The bad news shocked me yesterday

(Passive) : I was shocked by the bad news yesterday

d.(Active) : Steven took my picture

(Passive) : My picture were taken by steven

e.(Active) : I told him to come back the next day

(Passive) : He was told to come back the next day

3. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam bentuk Present Continuous

- Kalimat Aktif dalam present Continuous Kata kerja ke-1 + ING

- Kalimat Pasif dalam present Continuous am/is/are + being + kata kerja ke-3

Example :

a.(Active) : They are looking at you

(Passive) : You are being locked at by them

b.(Active) : The men are cutting down the trees

(Passive) : The trees are being cut down

c.(Active) : The police officer is questioning the bad boys

(Passive) : The bad boys are being questioned by the police officer

d.(Active) : The committee is considering your proposal

(Passive) : Your proposal is being considered by the committee

e.(Active) : They are decorating my room

(Passive) : My room is being decorated

4. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Past Continuous

- Kalimat Aktif dalam past continuous menggunakan Was/Were + Kata kerja ke-1 + Ing

- Kalimat Pasif dalam past continuous menggunakan Was/Were + Being + Kata kerja ke-3

Example:

A.(Active) : He was teaching me at ten o’clock yesterday

(Passive) : I was being taught at ten o’clock yesterday

B.(Active) : They were beating up the thief until the police arrived

(Passive) : The thief was being beaten up until the police arrived

C.(Active) : The doctor was examining you when we talked with a nurse

(Passive) : You were being examined when we talked with a nurse

D.(Active) : They were following us when we walked to the park

(Passive) : We were being followed when we walked to the park

E.(Active) : He was advising the children when you went out

(Passive) : The children were being advised when you went out

5.Kalimat Akif dan Pasif dalam Present Perfect

- Kalimat aktif dalam present perfect menggunakan Have/Has + Kata kerja ke-3

- Kalimat Pasif dalam present perfect menggunakan Have/Has + been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:

A.(Active) : A mosquito has bitten me

(Passive) : I have been bitten by a mosquito

B.(Active) : We have warned him about that

(Passive) : He has been warned about that

C.(Active) : They have signed the agreement

(Passive) : The agreement has been signed

D.(Active) : We have delivered the catalog

(Passive) : The catalog has been delivered

E.(Active) : Has the government changed the regulation yet?

(Passive) : Has the regulation been changed yet?

6. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam bentuk Past Perfect

- Kalimat Aktif dalam past perfect menggunakan had + kata kerja ke-3

- Kalimat pasif dalam past perfect menggunakan had been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:

A.(Active) : Johnson had bought my horse when you met us

(Passive) : My horse had been bought by Johnson when you met us

B.(Active) : Paul told me that somebody had hit him

(Passive) : Paul told me that he had been hit by someone

C.(Active) : Somebody had hurt the woman when she reported to the police

(Passive) : The woman had been hurt when she reported to the police

D.(Active) : The kitchen looked better yesterday. Somebody had cleaned it

(Passive) : The kitchen looked better yesterday. It had been cleaned

E.(Active) : A tree was lying across the road. The storm had blown it down

(Passive) : A tree was lying across the road. It had been blown down in the storm

7.Kalimat Aktif dan pasif dalam bentuk Simple Future

- Kalimat Aktif menggunakan Future tense menggunakan Shall/Will + kata kerja ke-1

- Kalimat Pasif menggunakan Future tense menggunakan Shall/Will + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example :

A.(Active) : We shall serve dinner to the guests in ten minutes

(Passive) : Dinner will be served to the guests in ten minutes

B.(Active) : We will send you your examination results as soon as they are ready

(Passive) : You will be sent your examination results as soon as they are ready

C.(Active) : They will advise me about the price of the books

(Passive) : I shall be advised about the price of the books

D.(Active) : We shall make a decision at the next meeting

(Passive) : A decision will be made at the next meeting

E.(Active) : Our company will employ twenty new men next month

(Passive) : Twenty new man will be employed by our company next month

8. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Future Perfect

- Kalimat aktif dalam Future Perfect menggunakan shall/will + have + kata kerja ke-3

- Kalimat pasif dalam Future Perfect menggunakan shall/will + have + been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:

A.(Active) : At ten o’clock we shall have checked the machines

(Passive) : At ten o’clock the machines will have been checked

B.(Active) : We shall have finished this programmer in a few days

(Passive) : This programmer will have been finished in a few days

C.(Active) : By the end of the day you will have done the exercise

(Passive) : The exercise will have been done by the end of the day

D.(Active) : Tomorrow Paul will have fed the rabbits by six o’clock

(Passive) : Tomorrow the rabbits will have been fed by six o’clock

E.(Active) : I shall have woken Susan by midnight

(Passive) : Susan will have been woken up by midnight

9. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Must

- Kalimat aktif menggunakan ”Must” : Must + kata kerja ke-1

- Kalimat pasif menggunakan ”Must” : Must + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example:

A.(Active) : I must carry out this plan

(Passive) : This plan must be carried out

B.(Active) : You must not leave the baby alone

(Passive) : The baby must not be left alone

C.(Active) : You must obey the law

(Passive) : The law must be obeyed

D.(Active) : We must protect wild animals

(Passive) : Wild animals must be protected

E.(Active) : We must punish criminals

(Passive) : Criminals must be punished

10.Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam CAN

- Kalimat aktif menggunakan CAN : CAN + kata kerja ke-1

- Kalimat pasif menggunakan CAN : CAN + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example:

A.(Active): You can practice English every day

(Passive): English can be practiced every day

B.(Active) : We can’t cheat them

(Passive) : They can’t be cheated

C.(Active) : Children can see this film

(Passive) : This film can be seen by Children

D.(Active) : You can borrow my motorbike

(Passive) : My motorbike can be borrowed

E.(Active) : They can arrange a meeting

(Passive) : A meeting can be arranged

Sumber : http://riskisurakhman.blogspot.com/2011/03/theory-and-example-active-and-passive.html

TUGAS 4

ARTICLE  from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football

Players, equipment, and officials

See also: Association football positions, Formation (association football), and Kit (association football)

Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.[13]

The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.[37]

A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.[38] IFAB recommends that "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team." Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.[39]

A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees. In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.[40]

Purple : Include the passive voice

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Subject Verb Agreement (English Business 2)

   The subject and verb must agree in number: both must be singular, or both must be plural. Problems occur in the present tense because one must add an -s or -es at the end of the verb when the subjects or the entity performing the action is a singular third person: he, she, it, or words for which these pronouns could substitute.

I.            Singular subject

Singular verb

Tenses

1.  1.   He/She/it

verb1 + es/s

simple present

2.   2.    He/She/it

is + verb-ing

present continuous

3.    3.   He/She/it

was + verb-ing

past continuous

4.    4.  He/She/it

Has/have + verb3

present perfect

5.    5.  He/She/it

has + been + verb-ing

present perfect continuous

6.    6.  He/She/it

Is/are going to + verb1

simple future

7.    7.  He/She/It

Is/are going to + be verb-ing

future continuous

8.    8. He/She/it

Was/would + verb1

past future

9.    9. He/She/It

Was/would + be verb-ing

past future continuous

Singular forms in the following examples:

1.  1.   The cat sitting on my bed.

2.     2.    My mother has a new  shirt.

3.    3.   I study English everyday.

4.   4.  He usually studies English.

5.   5.    It doesn’t often sleep in the room.

6.     6.    Do I study Math everyday ?

7.     7.    Does it sleep behind the room ?

8.     8.    I haven’t  received a gift.

9.    9.  She has lived in Bali since 1990.
10.  I have heard this game before.

II.         Plural subject

Plural verb

Tense

1.    1.  I/we/you/they

verb1

simple present

2.    2.   I/we/you/they

am/are + verb-ing

present continuous

3.   3.   I/we/you/they

was/were + verb-ing

past continuous

4.    4.    I/we/you/they

have+ verb3

present perfect

5.  5.   I/we/you/they

have + been + verb-ing

present perfect continuous

6.    6.    I/we/you/they

am/are going to + verb1

simple future

7.    7.     I/we/you/they

am/are going to + be verb-ing

future continuous

8.    8.    I/we/you/they

was/were going to + verb1

past future

9.    9.    I/we/you/they

was/were going to + be verb-ing

past future continuous

Plural  forms in the following examples:

1.    1. There are five  pencils on my desk.

2.   2.  They are riding their  bikes.

3.   3. Susan has four  posters.

4.   4. How many  books do you have in your bag?

5.  5. There are three windows in the  room.

6.   6. We sing a song once a day

7.    7. We have to go home now.

8.    8. We were reading the lesson.

9.   9. They were buying the Math books. 
10.  Were they listening to radio ?

 http://cah4las.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/benda-jamak-plural/

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