Computer History And Progress Of Generation to Generation.

Currently the computer and its supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them are computer systems capable of gauze code reading supermarket shopping goods, which handles millions of telephone calls and communications, computer and internet networks that connect different parts of the world.

History of Computers in the period is:
- Tools and Calculators Calculate Traditional Mechanical
- First Generation Computers
- Second Generation Computers
- Third Generation Computers
- Fourth Generation Computers
- Fifth Generation Computer

Traditional tools and Calculators Calculate Mechanical Abacus
Which appeared about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places up to now can be considered as the beginning of this komputasi.Alat engine allows users to perform calculations using sliding beads arranged on a merchant in those days rak.Para use the abacus to calculate perdagangan.Seiring transactions with the advent of pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost its popularity
After nearly 12 centuries, came another discovery in the case of machine komputasi.Pada 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at that time was 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father tax calculation.
This brass rectangular box, called the Pascaline, used eight toothed wheel to add up the number to eight digit.Alat this is counter-based sepuluh.Kelemahan number of these tools is limited only to do the sums.

In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) fix the Pascaline by creating a machine that can mengalikan.Sama like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using the wheels gerigi.Dengan study the notes and drawings created by Pascal, Leibniz can fine-tune the instrument.

It was only in 1820, mechanical calculators became popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find a machine that can perform four functions of arithmetic dasar.Kalkulator mechanical Colmar, arithometer, presented a more practical approach in the calculation because the device can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, Arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.

Beginning of the computer that is actually formed by a professor of English mathematician, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed the natural compatibility between machines and mathematics mechanical mechanical machine that is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake, being a simple repetition of mathematics requires a tertentu.Masalah measures are developed to put the machine kemudain mechanics as a tool to answer Babbage's first mekanik.Usaha needs to address this issue appeared in 1822 when he proposed a machine to melakukanperhitungan differensial.Mesin equation is called Differensial.Dengan machine using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically .

After working for ten years Differential Engine, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start creating a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine.Asisten Babbage, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of machinery ini.Ia help revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicating the specifications to publik.Selain's Analytical Engine, a good understanding of Augusta on this machine makes it possible to put the instructions into the machine and also make it a female programmer who pertama.Pada 1980, the Department of Defense the United States named a programming language with the name of the ADA as a tribute to him.

Babbage's steam engine, although it is never finished, looking very primitive when compared with the standard kini.Bagaimanapun also, the tool describes the basic elements of a modern computer, and also revealed a concept penting.Terdiri of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine using perforated cards (with holes) that contains the operating instructions for the machine.

In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also applied the perforations to make penghitungan.Tugas first is to find a faster way to do the calculations for the U.S. Census Bureau Serikat.Sensus previously conducted in 1880, took seven years to complete the calculation . With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the census count.
Hollerith uses perforated cards to enter census data are then processed by the tool is mekanik.Sebuah card can store up to 80 variabel.Dengan using the tools, the census can be completed within six minggu.Selain have an advantage in speed, the card serves as a data.Tingkat storage media miscalculations can also suppressed drastis.Hollerith then develop the tools and sell them to people luas.Ia founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after experiencing several other such merger.Perusahaan Remington Rand and Burroghs also produces a card reader for businesses bisnis.Kartu perforation perforations used by businesses and governments to permrosesan the data until 1960.
In the next period, a few engineers to make new discoveries lainnya.Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931.Mesin can solve complex differential equations that is considered among akademisi.Mesin complicated by the very large and weight because of hundreds of teeth and shaft are required to perform perhitungan.Pada 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to create computer that applies electrical circuits elektrik.Pendekatan Boolean algebra is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or salah.Dengan conditions apply right and wrong into the electrical circuit in the form of connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electric computer 1940.Namun in their projects stalled due to loss of funding sources.

I. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER
With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance of this komputer.Hal increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress komputer.Pada 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Allies also made other progress in the development of strength komputer.Tahun 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode the secrets used Jerman.Dampak The Colossus did not significantly affect the development of computer industry because of two reasons, Colossus was not is a versatile computer general-purpose computer), it is only designed to decode rahasia.Kedua, where the machine was kept secret until decades after the war ended.
The work done by the Americans at that time produced a broader achievement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing an electronic calculator for U.S. Navy.Kalkulator the length of half a football field and has a range of 500 mil.The Harvd cable-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, the computer relays elektronik.Ia uses electromagnetic signals to move the component mekanik.Mesin Beropreasi with slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (in order of calculations can not be changed). calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.

Another computer development during this period is the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), which is made by the cooperation between the governments of the United States and the University of Pennsylvania.Terdiri of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that is large power consumption of 160kW.Komputer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.Pada the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team of University of Pennsylvania to build the concept computer design is up to 40 years is still used in computer engineering.



Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a good memory to accommodate or data.Teknik program allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume work major kembali.Kunci von Neumann architecture is a central processing unit (CPU ), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through one source tunggal.Tahun 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer to use the von Neumann architecture model tersebut.Baik United States Census Bureau and the General UNIVAC.Salah Electric has achieved an impressive result by UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.

First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were created specifically for a task tertentu.Setiap computer program code has a different binary-called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and restrict other kecepatannya.Ciri The first generation of computers is the use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.

II. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. Transistor replaced the vacuum tube in television, radio, and komputer.Akibatnya, the size of the reduced electric machines drastis.Transistor into use in computers began in 1956.Penemuan other form of magnetic core memory, a second generation computers smaller , faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than the first pendahulunya.Mesin utilize this new technology is superkomputer.IBM made supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand named LARC.Komputer-computer, which was developed for laboratory atomic energy, it can handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atom.Mesin is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting kepopulerannya.Hanya two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DCKomputer second generation replaced machine language with assembly language is a language assembly.Bahasa use abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960's, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, at the University, and in pemerintahan.Komputer second-generation computer is the computer which used transistor.Mereka also have components that can be associated with the Computer this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and program.Salah An important example is the computer on the IBM 1401 that is widely accepted among industri.Pada 1965, almost all large businesses using second generation computers to process financial information.

Program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to this komputer.Fleksibilitas improve performance at a reasonable price for bisnis.Dengan use of this concept, the computer can print invoices and then run the consumer purchases the product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common programming digunakan.Bahasa It replaces a complex machine code with words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by manusia.Hal makes it easy for someone to program and set komputer.Berbagai New types of careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). software industry also began to appear and grow during this second-generation computers.

III. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
Although the transistor is in many ways the vacuum tube, but the transistor generates substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts komputer.Batu quartz (quartz rock) eliminates the problem ini.Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit ( IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of sand kuarsa.Para Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip, called semikonduktor.Hasilnya, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that enables the machine to run many different programs at once with a major program that serves to monitor and coordinate the computer's memory.

IV. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
After IC, the only place to clear the circuit and decrease the size of the components elektrik.Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components in a chip.Pada 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a tunggal.Ultra-chip Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into jutaan.Kemampuan to put so many components in a half-sized pieces of coins and falling prices encourage komputer.Hal size also increased power, efficiency and reliability komputer.Chip Intel 4004 made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a boiling chip kecil.Sebelumnya, IC made to do a certain task spesifik.Sekarang, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the needs that diinginkan.Tidak Soon everyday household devices such as microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection incorporated microprocessors.


Such developments allow ordinary people to use computers biasa.Komputer no longer be a dominant big companies or institutions pemerintah.Pada mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their products to the public umum.Komputer computer-computer, called minicomputers, sold with the software package used by the awam.Piranti easily the most popular software at the time was word processing program and spreadsheet.Pada the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can diprogram.Pada 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and used PC sekolah.Jumlah jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982.Sepuluh years later , 65 million PCs digunakan.Komputer continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be put into bags (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).

IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the Macintosh for market komputer.Apple became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using a computer-based teks.Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPU made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, dsb.Ini all entered in a computer class keempat.Seiring generation with proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential of continued dikembangkan.Seiring with increased strength of a small computer, the computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each lainnya.Komputer network allows a single computer to form electronic co-operation to solve a tugas.Dengan using direct cabling process, also called Local Area Network (LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.

V. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
Defining the fifth generation computer becomes quite difficult because the stage is still very imaginative muda.Contoh fifth generation computer is the fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke entitled 2001: Space Odyssey.HAL displays all the desired functions of a computer kelima.Dengan generation artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), HAL may have enough reason to do percapakan with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experience.
Although it may be the realization of the HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the functions that had been terwujud.Beberapa computer can receive verbal instructions and are able to mimic the reasoning manusia.Kemampuan to translate foreign languages ​​are also becoming visible sederhana.Namun mungkin.Fasilitas such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding relies heavily on context and meaning rather than just translate the words directly.

Many advances in the field of computer design and manufacturing of computer technology increasingly allows kelima.Dua generation of engineering advances that are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the von Neumann model of von Neumann.Model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate a lot of CPU to work serempak.Kemajuan Another is the superconducting technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country known in the jargon and socialization generation computer project kelima.Lembaga ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) is also formed to merealisasikannya.Banyak news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will computing paradigm brings new changes in dunia.Kita wait for information which is more valid and fruitful.

VI. COMPUTER GENERATION TO SIX (Future)



With the computer technology available today, it is rather difficult to imagine how the depan.Dengan computer technology available today we seemed to have to "hold the world". In terms of computer technology, some scientists believe created the current so-called biochip that made of protein sitetis.Robot made with this material will become a human being tiruan.Sedangkan technology in the research stage right now is mikrooptik and input-output audio that may be used by a computer that will datang.Ahli computer-science experts are now also is trying to design computers that do not require the writing and programming by pengguna.Komputer without the program (programless computer) may form the main feature of the computer generation to come.



Possible Future Computers
In principle, the characteristics of future computers are more sophisticated and less expensive and has the ability of them to see, hear, speak and think and be able to make meaningful conclusions as manusia.Ini computers have approached the capabilities of artificial intelligence and other manusia.Kelebihan behavior again, intelligence to predict an event that will happen, can communicate directly with humans, and shape the future of computers kecil.Yang obviously it would be amazing.